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1.
Rev. cuba. endocrinol ; 25(3): 149-162, sep.-dic. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: lil-736989

ABSTRACT

El paraganglioma es un tumor neuroendocrino poco frecuente que puede desarrollarse en diversos sitios del organismo. Alrededor del 97 por ciento son benignos y se curan mediante la extirpación quirúrgica, y el restante 3 por ciento son malignos, y provocar metástasis a distancia. Alrededor del 75 por ciento son esporádicos y el restante 25 por ciento son hereditarios (y tienen una mayor probabilidad de ser múltiples y de desarrollo a una edad temprana). Pueden tener predisposición genética asociada a síndromes tumorales familiares, como la neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2, el síndrome de Von Hippel-Lindau y la neurofibromatosis tipo 1, o mutaciones específicas relacionadas solamente con el desarrollo de paragangliomas. Comparado con la forma de aparición esporádica, la presentación familiar tiene tendencia a aparecer en edades más jóvenes, y a tener múltiple localización. Por la poca disponibilidad de recursos y lo costoso de las investigaciones utilizadas, son de difícil diagnóstico en nuestro medio, por lo cual no se excluye que exista un subregistro en el número de casos que se puedan presentar, razón por la que es importante siempre -ante la sospecha clínica- pensar en su probable confirmación diagnóstica y situación. Los estudios de imágenes y la medición de la producción no fisiológica de catecolaminas, pueden ayudar en el diagnóstico de esta entidad. Las principales modalidades de tratamiento son: la cirugía, la embolización y la radioterapia. Con el objetivo de actualizar y sugerir una guía de tratamiento se realizó la presente revisión(AU)


Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that may occur in several parts of the body. Roughly 97 percent of these tumors are benign and can be excised through surgery whereas 3 percent of them are malignant and cause distant metastasis. Almost 75 percent are sporadic and the remaining 25 percent are hereditary (more likely to be multiple and developed at early ages). They may be genetically predisposed and associated to family tumor syndromes such as type 2 multiple endocrine neoplasia, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and type 1 neurofibromatosis or specific mutations related to development of paragangliomas. When compared to the sporadic occurrence, the family presentation tends to appear at younger ages, with multiple locations. Owing to the low resource availability and the high cost of research, these tumors are difficult to be diagnosed in our conditions, so there may be failures in registering the real number of cases; this is the reason why it is always important to think on possible diagnostic confirmation when clinical suspicion of paraganglioma arises. Imaging studies and measurement of the non-physiological production of catecholamines may help in the diagnosis of this disease. The main therapeutical modalities are surgery, embolization and radiotherapy. The present review was intended to update this topic and to submit a treatment guideline(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Paraganglioma/diagnosis , Paraganglioma/therapy , Endocrine Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis , Endocrine Gland Neoplasms/therapy , Review Literature as Topic , Receptors, Catecholamine/physiology
2.
Brasília méd ; 45(3): 234-243, 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-528135

ABSTRACT

Os feocromocitomas e paragangliomas são tumores raros, originários de células cromafins. Os primeiros localizam-se na medula suprarrenal e os últimos podem ser encontrados em qualquer local ao longo das cadeias simpática sou parassimpáticas do sistema nervoso autônomo. Constituem causa potencialmente curável de hipertensão arterial. Usualmente, secretam catecolaminas, incluindo-se dopamina, adrenalina e noradrenalina, responsáveis pela tríade semiológica clássica de manifestações: episódios paroxísticos de cefaléia, diaforese e palpitação. No entanto, a apresentação clínica é muito variável, e um grande número de pacientes pode ser oligo- ou assintomático, sugerindo que a parte significativa dos casos não é diagnosticada. Alta suspeição, uso racional de exames laboratoriais e métodos de imagem apropriados dão o diagnóstico anatômico e funcional preciso. Este artigo traz uma revisão sobre as recomendações mais atuais para abordagem desses tumores endócrinos.


Pheocromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare tumors, originated from chromaffim cells. The first ones are located in the suprarrenal medulla, and the others are found somewhere along the sympathetic and parasympathetic chains from the autonomous neural system. They constitute a potentially curable cause of arterial hypertension. Usually, they secrete cathecolamines, including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are responsible for the classic triad of manifestations: paroxysms of cephaleia, diaphoresis and palpitations. However, clinical presentation is very heterogeneous and a significant number of patients are oligo- or assymptomatic, suggesting that the majority of these cases may not be detected. High suspicion, rational use of laboratorial exams and appropriate imaging methods lead to accurate functional and anatomical diagnosis. The present article brings a revision about the most recent recommendations for management of these endocrine tumors.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal , Catecholamines , Paraganglioma/diagnosis , Receptors, Catecholamine
3.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 77(supl.4): S4-175-S4-177, oct.-dic. 2007.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-568696

ABSTRACT

The hereditary disease known as polymorphic catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia (PCVT) is highly lethal. Almost 30% of the affected patients die before 40 years old, mainly due to sudden cardiac death. We have used isolated hearts from mutant mice (type 2 ryanodine receptors, RyR2/RyR2(R4496C)) to investigate arrhythmia mechanisms that are adrenergic- and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o) levels-dependent. Our results corroborate that polymorphic and bidirectional ventricular arrhythmias, as well as ventricular fibrillation, occurs in 50% of RyR2/ RyR2(R4496C) mice, and in less than 12% of the non-affected mice. Our hypothesis suggests that the origin of catecholaminergic arrhythmias in animals, and possibly in humans, is conditioned by the focal activity that begins by late post-potentials in the Purkinje fibers.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Death, Sudden, Cardiac , Receptors, Catecholamine/physiology , Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Heart Ventricles , Purkinje Fibers
5.
Rev. bioméd. (México) ; 11(1): 39-60, ene.-mar. 2000. ilus, tab, CD-ROM
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-292318

ABSTRACT

La dopamina es el neurotransmisor catecolaminérgico más importante del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) de los mamíferos y participa en la regulación de diversas funciones como la conducta motora, la emotividad y la afectividad así como en la comunicación neuroendócrina. La dopamina se sintetiza a partir del aminoácido L-tirosina y existen mecanismos que regulan de manera muy precisa su síntesis y liberación. Las técnicas de clonación molecular han permitido la identificación de 5 tipos de receptores dopaminérgicos, todos ellos acoplados a proteínas G y divididos en dos familias farmacológicas denominadas D1 y D2. Los receptores de la familia D1 (subtipos D1 y D5) están acoplados a proteínas Gs y estimulan la formación de AMPc como principal mecanismo de transducción de señales. Los subtipos pertenecientes a la familia D2 (D2, D3 y D4) inhiben la formación de AMPc, activan canales de K+ y reducen la entrada de iones de Ca2+ a través de canales dependientes del voltaje, efectos mediados también por proteínas G (Gai y Gao). Los receptores dopaminérgicos se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos en diversas áreas del SNC (aunque de manera diferencial de acuerdo al subtipo) donde son responsables de las diversas acciones fisiológicas de la dopamina. El estudio de los sistemas y receptores dopaminérgicos del SNC ha generado gran interés, debido a que diversas alteraciones en la transmisión dopaminérgica han sido relacionadas, directa o indirectamente, con transtornos severos como la enfermedad de Parkinson y la esquizofrenia, así como con la adicción a drogas (anfetaminas y cocaína por ejemplo).


Subject(s)
Central Nervous System , Dopamine/pharmacokinetics , Receptors, Dopamine/physiology , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Receptors, Catecholamine/physiology , Schizophrenia/physiopathology
6.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol ; 2000 Jan; 44(1): 24-32
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-108462

ABSTRACT

Nucleus accumbens is proposed as one of the centers in the neural circuitry involved in the regulation of feeding and drinking behaviour in rats. Injection of dopamine and angiotensin-II into this nucleus has been documented to affect water and food intake in rats. Reports on the effect of intracerebral injection of catecholamines on feeding and drinking behaviour in animal models are conflicting. Therefore, in the present study the effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline injected into nucleus accumbens on food and water intake in rats was assessed. 24 h basal food and water intakes were recorded in Wistar rats and were found to be 12.3 +/- 0.46 g and 21.7 +/- 1.03 ml respectively. Stainless steel cannulae were implanted stereotaxically into the nucleus accumbens. Four different doses (0.1 microgram, 0.5 microgram, 1 microgram, and 2 micrograms) of adrenaline and noradrenaline were injected into the nucleus accumbens through the implanted cannulae in different group of animals and their 24 h food and water intakes were recorded following these injections. No change in food and water intake was observed following the administration of different doses of adrenaline. A significant increase in 24 h water intake reaching a maximum of 28.88 +/- 1.45 ml at 1 microgram dose, without change in food intake was observed following administration of different doses of noradrenaline. The noradrenaline-facilitated water intake was blocked when noradrenaline was injected following injection of phentolamine, an alpha-receptor blocker. The bilateral lesions of nucleus accumbens resulted in a significant and sustained inhibition of water intake (16.61 +/- 0.67 ml) without change in food intake. These observations suggest that noradrenaline facilitates water intake without affecting food intake when injected into the nucleus accumbens in rats and the dipsogenic effect of noradrenaline is mediated by alpha-receptors. Adrenaline does not affect these ingestive behaviours when injected into the nucleus accumbens in rats.


Subject(s)
Adrenergic Agonists/administration & dosage , Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/administration & dosage , Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/administration & dosage , Animals , Catecholamines/administration & dosage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drinking Behavior/drug effects , Epinephrine/administration & dosage , Feeding Behavior/drug effects , Microinjections , Norepinephrine/administration & dosage , Nucleus Accumbens/anatomy & histology , Phentolamine/administration & dosage , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Catecholamine/drug effects
7.
Rev. argent. cardiol ; 65(supl. 3): 29-33, 1997. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-224538

ABSTRACT

En ratas anestesiadas con pentobarbital, la administración intratecal de noradrenalina (NA: 6, 18 y 60 nmoles) y de glutamato (1, 2,5 y 5 µmol) produjo un aumento dosis-dependiente de la presión arterial media, sin modificar la frecuencia cardíaca. El efecto presor inducido por glutamato (1 µmol, inyección intratecal) fue bloqueado por un antagonista no selectivo de receptores de glutamato, el ácido kinurénico (Kin: 125 nmoles, inyección intratecal), por un antagonista selectivo de receptores del subtipo NMDA, el ácido 2-amino-5-fosfonovalérico (AVP: 30 nmoles, inyección intratecal) y por un antagonista selectivo de receptores del subtipo no-NMDA, el DNQX (50 nmoles, inyección intratecal). El ácido kinurénico y el ácido 2-amino-5-fosfonovalérico, pero no el DNQX, bloquearon la respuesta presora inducida por noradrenalina (18 nmoles, inyección intratecal). El antagonista alfa1 adrenérgico prazosín (3,1 nmoles, inyección intratecal) bloqueó totalmente la respuesta presora a noradrenalina (19 nmoles, inyección intratecal) pero no modificó la respuesta presora inducida por glutamato (1 µmol, inyección intratecal). El ácido kinurénico, el ácido 2-amino-5-fosfonovalérico y el DNQX produjeron per se una disminución de la presión arterial media basal mientras que el prazosín no modificó dicho parámetro. Estos resultados sugieren que, a nivel espinal, la respuesta presora inducida por glutamato involucra la activación de receptores tanto NMDA como no-NMDA. La activación de receptores NMDA por el glutamato endógeno participaría en el efecto presor inducido por las catecolaminas a través de la estimulación de receptores alfa1 espinales


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Norepinephrine/administration & dosage , Blood Pressure , Receptors, Glutamate , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors , Injections, Spinal , Pentobarbital/administration & dosage , Receptors, Catecholamine , Spinal Cord/drug effects
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